The stability in the hip mainly attributes to the deep socket, i.e., the acetabulum. The hip joint is a stable ball-and-socket joint, much more stable than the shoulder joint. Cancellous bone is mostly enclosed by the cortical bone and mainly absorbs the shock energy produced in walking and running. The cortical bone forms the outer layer of the femur and withstands most of the forces and moments. A femur is composed of two types of bones, cortical and cancellous. Important geometric features of femur bones include the head, neck, and greater and lesser trochanters, as shown in Figure 1(a). The femurs are the longest and the strongest bones in the human body, extending from the hip to the knee. The hip is a joint formed by the ball-shaped head of the femur and the socket of the pelvis. To better understand hip fracture, it helps to know the anatomy of the hip joint. It is also one of the most flexible joints allowing a great range of motions. The hip joint is one of the most important joints in the human body. In this section, hip anatomy is explained to show why the hip is likely to experience fracture in a fall. Hip fracture is generally affected by hip anatomy, the applied forces to the hip, and bone mechanical properties. Hip fracture is a medical condition in which there is a break in the continuity of the femoral bone. Then, prevalence of hip fracture is presented, followed by a description of the significance of accurately assessing hip fracture risk. In this chapter, hip anatomy is first reviewed, and hip fractures are classified by anatomic location. Therefore, there is an urgent need to accurately assess hip fracture risk and then develop preventive and protective measures. On the one hand, hip fracture increases the morbidity and mortality in the elderly on the other hand, it is a substantial source of healthcare expenditure. Socioeconomic impacts of hip fracture are twofold. The incidence of hip fracture appears to be increasing in many countries, and the total number of hip fractures is estimated to be more than five million by 2050. Approximately 50% of patients have permanent functional disability greater than that before fracture. Of all osteoporotic fractures, hip fracture has the highest morbidity and mortality rate. Low-trauma hip fracture has become a common health problem among the elderly all over the world, mainly due to the population aging and the prevalence of osteoporosis.
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